👆 點擊每個句型標題,展開「公式 + 例句 + 常見錯誤 + 學測重點」。
句型一|S + was/were + V-ing + when + 過去式(正在…時,突然…)▼
S + was/were + V-ing ... when + S + 過去式.
過去進行式表「正在進行的背景動作」,when 引導突然插入的短暫動作(用過去式)。
Nuñez
was climbing the mountain
when he lost his footing.
Nuñez 正在爬山時失足了。(摘要)
I
was cooking dinner
when the lights suddenly went out.
我正在煮晚餐時,燈突然熄了。
✗ 把背景動作也用過去式(Nuñez climbed... when he lost...)會使「正在進行」語意消失。
對比:when + 過去進行、while + 過去進行;學測綜合測驗常考時態搭配。
句型二|分詞/形容詞片語置句首(Bruised and dazed, he...)▼
p.p. / V-ing / Adj. + ..., S + V ...(片語邏輯主詞=主句主詞)
句首的分詞或形容詞片語修飾其後的主詞,表狀態或原因;被動用 p.p.、主動用 V-ing。
Bruised and dazed, he found himself in a hidden valley.
渾身瘀傷、頭暈目眩,他發現自己身處一個隱蔽的山谷。(摘要)
Feeling superior to the villagers, he underestimated them.
自覺比村民優越,他低估了他們。
✗ 懸垂修飾:片語的邏輯主詞若與主句主詞不一致即錯(Bruised and dazed, the valley...)。
形容詞片語=Being 省略((Being) bruised and dazed);學測改錯高頻考點。
句型三|It doesn't take long for sb. to V(某人很快就…)▼
It + take(s)/took + (time) + for sb. + to V.
It 為虛主詞,真主詞是 to V;for sb. 表示動作者。「不花多久」用 not take long。
It didn't take long for Nuñez
to realize that everyone was blind.
Nuñez 沒過多久就意識到每個人都是盲人。(摘要)
It takes about ten minutes
to walk to the village.
走到村莊大約要十分鐘。
✗ It didn't take long for him realizing...(真主詞須用 to V,不用 V-ing)。
近義:It won't be long before + S + V(不久後就…);學測常考轉換。
句型四|Though + adj.(讓步子句的省略)▼
Though/Although (+ S + be) + adj., S + V ...
當讓步子句主詞與主句相同時,可省略「主詞+be」,只留 Though + 形容詞。
Though blind, the villagers knew their home intimately.
儘管眼盲,村民對家園瞭若指掌。(摘要)
Although tired, he kept exploring the strange land.
雖然疲累,他仍持續探索這片陌生土地。
✗ 讓步連接詞與 but 不可並用(Though blind, but they knew...)。
同義倒裝:Blind though they were, ...(形容詞提前+though);學測進階句型。
句型五|by + V-ing(表方法/手段)▼
S + V ... + by + V-ing ...(藉由做…)
介系詞 by 後接動名詞,表達「藉由某種方法」完成某事。
They moved around
by using their keen senses of hearing and touch.
他們藉由敏銳的聽覺與觸覺四處移動。(摘要)
She improved her English
by reading a story every night.
她藉由每晚讀一則故事來提升英文。
✗ by 後接原形(by use their senses);介系詞後動詞須用 V-ing。
辨析:by + V-ing(方法)vs. with + N(工具)vs. through + N;學測常考。
句型六|so + adj./adv. + that ...(如此…以致於…)▼
S + V + so + adj./adv. + that + S + V ...
so 後接形容詞或副詞,帶出 that 結果子句,表「如此…以致於…」。
The villagers knew the land
so well
that they never lost their way.
村民對這片土地熟到從不迷路。(摘要)
He was
so shocked
that he could not say a single word.
他震驚到一句話也說不出來。
✗ 混淆 so 與 such:修飾形容詞/副詞用 so,修飾名詞用 such(such a keen sense that...)。
同義轉換:so...that ↔ ...enough to ↔ too...to;學測句型轉換高頻。
句型七|the + 形容詞=一群人(the blind=盲人們)▼
the + Adj. = 複數普通名詞(表一整類人,動詞用複數)
「the+形容詞」表示「某一整類的人」,作主詞時視為複數。
The blind in the valley live full and capable lives.
山谷裡的盲人過著充實又能幹的生活。(摘要)
The young often pick up new languages faster than the old.
年輕人學新語言往往比老年人快。
✗ 動詞用單數(The blind lives...);the + adj. 指全體,動詞須用複數。
常見:the rich, the poor, the elderly, the disabled;學測閱讀常出現。
句型八|It is/was ... that/who ...(分裂句,表強調)▼
It + be + 強調的部分 + that/who + 其餘部分.
用 It is/was ... that/who ... 把想強調的主詞、受詞或副詞抽出來強調。
It was Nuñez, not the villagers,
who was truly helpless.
真正無助的是 Nuñez,而非村民。(摘要)
It was in this hidden valley
that he finally learned to be humble.
正是在這座隱蔽的山谷,他終於學會了謙卑。
✗ 強調人可用 who 或 that,但強調物/時間/地點不可用 who。
還原法:去掉 It is/was 與 that 後仍為完整句,即為分裂句;學測改錯常考。